Intelligence During World War II - 1851 Words

Intelligence is often defined as accurate and timely information that assists our nation’s senior leadership in making knowledgeable decisions to prepare for and counter any developing threats against the security of the United States and its citizens. Intelligence is collected in response to requirements levied on the intelligence community by senior policy makers, the military, and law enforcement agencies. It plays a crucial role in our ability to detect and prevent threats against the United States. Intelligence has been successfully used since the Revolutionary War when George Washington employed espionage, counterintelligence and covert actions against the British Army. â€Å"Paul Revere was one of the first famous â€Å"intelligence† operatives, spreading the word throughout the countryside when British troops were first spied† (CIA). Intelligence continued to play an important role in subsequent wars. Stonewall Jackson used detailed maps of the Appa lachians to compensate for the Confederacy’s lack of firearms and manpower and, during World War II, President Roosevelt used intelligence to gain critical information about other world leaders. Intelligence has also failed. During World War II the United States had its first intelligence catastrophe when the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor. The failure was, in part, a result of gaps in collection, misunderstanding analysis, and governmental confusion. Despite this breakdown, it was also the reason for theShow MoreRelatedTo what extent did the French Resistance assist in the allies liberation of France?888 Words   |  4 Pagescollaboration of individual movements against the German occupation of France and the Vichy regime that complied with the Nazis during World War II. Starting in 1940 and ending with the liberation of France, French people from all ends of the economic and political spectrum united in different Rà ©sistance groups to perform guerilla attacks, run unde rground newspapers, provide intelligence to and from the allies, and manage escape networks to allied territory for political enemies and others persecuted by theRead MoreMajor Innovations And Occurred During World War II1000 Words   |  4 PagesWhat particular innovations and occurred during World War II and what geographic considerations were necessary for planners and politicians in terms of strategy and tactics? As World War II progressed, the advancements that had shown up on and in the combat zones, seas and the overall attitude of World War I were enhanced and made considerably more viable and lethal. I will be going over a few of the innovations during World War II as well as a few of the tactics and strategies used when overcomingRead MorePropaganda And Its Effects On The World War II1590 Words   |  7 Pagesleaflets were counterfeit to flush out the fakes (War Report Vol.2, p. 301). As you can see MO was able to create effective propaganda that created confusion on the battlefield. Propaganda will be different in other wars because of the evolution of technology and a greater understanding on how to counteract the efforts. However, the effect that the propaganda causes is something that will be pursed and replicated in a different medium. Counter-intelligence is something the CIA would need to continue toRead MoreThe Navajo Code Talkers in World War II1536 Words   |  7 PagesA. Plan of the Investigation This investigation evaluates to what extent did the Navajo code talkers aid the American military during WWII? In order to assess the extent to which these soldiers assisted the American military during WWII, this investigation focuses on their involvement in transmitting military messages in their native tongue, and the events surrounding these transmissions. In addition, the contribution of other Native American code talkers is considered and compared to that of theRead MoreThe Battle Of The Bulge1712 Words   |  7 PagesAdams NCOA SLC 15-005 Battle of the Bulge Introduction The Battle of the Bulge, a massive German counteroffensive which began in December 1944, ultimately produced the largest casualty rate in any one battle throughout World War II. The Allied Forces alone lost almost 80,000 at the Battle of the Bulge. This casualty rate could have been much higher if Hitler would’ve grasped the importance and value of supply and logistical support. As a result, more than 1,500 tanks withinRead MoreAmerican History : Pearl Harbor1067 Words   |  5 Pagesof war against Japan, which he later on received, refers to one of the most important events to materialize in American history: Pearl Harbor. Much has been documented discussing the events that took place on December 7, 1941, some to recapture the events, and others seek to discover the answer to the question: could Pearl Harbor have been prevented? Pearl Harbor not only impacted American History, but also World History. Reviewing previous events, we now see that there were many intelligence fr agmentsRead MoreWar Begins When Opinions Differ1122 Words   |  5 PagesWhen opinions differ, wars begin. When war begins, blood usually sheds; this is not the case for the Cold War. From 1945 until 1991, the United States and the Soviet Union were in a rivalry; a constant state of hostility towards one another. Although the U.S. and the Soviet Union never directly engaged in military action, there was a lot going on behind both sides of the Iron Curtain. The Cold War was never a battle itself; however, it was made up of both minor and major battles within, to includeRead MoreThe American Intelligence Community Essay955 Words   |  4 PagesThe origins of covert action in America’s intelligence activities go far beyond WWI. The Founding Fathers were the first ones in introducing intelligence concepts and intelligence activities during America’s revolution. Benjamin Franklin is known as a big contributor in the processes and use of intelligence activities. He became known as a master of covert action (Central Intelligence Agency 2009). Franklin initiated his covert action skills when he was named Ambassador to France. Thanks to hisRead MoreAnalysis Of Jack Higgins s The Eagle Has Landed 1369 Words   |  6 Pages Thirteen dead German paratroopers are found in England nearly 30 years after World War II had finished. There were no death or burial records anywhere, and the local people refused to talk about the incident. Why were they there? It was mid war, about September 1943, when Benito Mussolini, the overthrown former dictator of Italy, was rescued by German special forces. After this extreme success, Adolph Hitler had a manic idea. Could the Germans take Churchill himself out of England? Attempting aRead MoreWorld War I And Hari1457 Words   |  6 PagesWorld War I and Mata Hari World War 1 started in July of 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Fran Ferdinand of Austria by a nationalist from Yugoslavia. After his death, Austria-Hungry proceeded to invade Serbia, declaring war. This attack mobilized the rest of the world’s superpowers into choosing sides: The Allies and the Central Powers. Fighting on the side of the Allies were the United Kingdom, France, Russia, and eventually Italy, Japan and the United States. The Central Powers were made

Reward and Punishment ; a Motivator in Childs Learning

Reward and Punishment: A Motivator in Childs Learning Experimental Psychology Psy 6 Psychology Department Prof. Ryan Tojerros Tricia Mauriz E. Manaman 3F3- BS Psychology I. INTRODUCTION Operant conditioning is one of the many ways of learning, which is constructed by the means of giving rewards and punishment in an individual. The type of conditioning that going to be used in this experiment holds a specific behavior and consequences, consequences could be either a reward or a punishment that could have an effect in learning. Reward and punishment are modulators of an individual’s performance. According to B.F Skinner, internal thoughts could help bring about learning, he thought that external factors could affect†¦show more content†¦This later instruction will not be given to the first group, which is the experimental group to see the difference of their performance when not having any consequences at all. The experimenter chose 22 elementary participants with the combination of different gender. The experimenter chose to have different gender for the participants so that there will be no biases among the gender of the children involved. The expe rimenter divided the participants into two groups to be the experimental and the control group. The form of language that was used in this experiment is Filipino so that the participants would clearly understand the story. The tools that were used in this experiment are the form of instruction that will be used is an oral type, this is chosen by the experimenter because oral form of instruction is the easiest way to make communication with the children without any extraneous variables except noise. The experimenter chose this type of instruction instead of a movie because the movie type or visual type of instruction might catch the attention of the participants and might affect the results of the experiment. Another tool that was used in this experiment is the story that will be narrated to the students, â€Å"Bakit nangangagat ang putakti†. Lastly is the questionnaire that was distributed to the participants, theShow MoreRelatedThe Effect Of Motivation On Children s Life137 3 Words   |  6 PagesThe early childhood years are the most important period or phase in every child’s life. Positive experiences guide and shape the children’s future and the first few years are considered very important. It helps the brain to develop in a healthy way. Children are born with an innate curiosity to explore the world around them to acquire knowledge. They possess an interest in learning. Hence fostering the innate curiosity is critical during this stage that ensures their future success. Motivation isRead MoreHow Can Teachers Use Rewards And Praise?1362 Words   |  6 Pagesfor learning. For the most part classrooms are orderly and well behaved. Teachers recognize the importance of classroom management and a positive relationship with all students to ensure their learning. Although this is easier said than done, one of the most difficult challenges as a teacher is managing student’s behaviors. If one or a number of students demonstrate n egative behavior it can cause an environment of chaos and disrupt learning for all students. How can teachers use rewards andRead MoreHow Can Teachers Use Rewards And Praise?1435 Words   |  6 Pagesfor learning. For the most part classrooms are orderly and well behaved. Teachers recognize the importance of classroom management and a positive relationship with all students to ensure their learning. Although this is easier said than done, one of the most difficult challenges as a teacher is managing student’s behaviors. If one or a number of students demonstrate negative behavior, it can cause an environment of chaos and disrupt learning for all students. How can teachers use rewards andRead MoreThe Theory Of Reinforcement And Punishment1847 Words   |  8 PagesThe author describes the theory of FB Skinner of Reinforcement and Punishment†, and the popular â€Å"Pop† culture of â€Å"If you do this, you will get that† as tools that can be used to m anage behavior. He explains that the theories of Skinner lead to manipulation of behavior. He claims that punishment is wrong and should not be used, however, reinforcement, reward or praise are controlling, â€Å"rewards control through seduction rather than force.† Managers and educationalists have taken advantage with theseRead More5 Sources of Power1164 Words   |  5 Pagesmanagerial power; coercive, reward, legitimate, expert, and referent power. These five bases of power are divided in two categories, formal and personal power. Coercive and reward are in the formal categories. Legitimate, expert, and referent to are in the personal category. Later I will explain why each power falls into one group or the other. Coercive, most of the time, the negative of the powers is defined as the ability of a manager to punish others. Punishment can range from verbal to reprimandsRead MoreThe Role Of Behaviorism And Cognitive Development Centres On The Premise That People Learn1107 Words   |  5 PagesBehaviourism and Cognitive Constructivism are two prominent theories exploring the ways in which people learn. However, they both take rather different approaches to explain how learning occurs. The leading thinkers in Behaviourism are John Watson and B.F. Skinner and here, their considerations will be compared to and contrasted with, those of Jean Piaget, the pioneer of Cognitive Constructivism. Behaviourism is based on the creation of associations between stimuli and responses by the learnerRead MoreThe Behavioral Policy Of A High School s Learning Strategy Essay1971 Words   |  8 Pagesundertaken as a part of Credence High School’s learning strategy. Our learning strategy revolves around the notion of ‘Tell me I forget. Teach me and I remember. Involve me and I learn†. This policy is a two way process, involving the students as much as involving the teachers. The focus remains on positive behaviour as learning is most optimum when the behaviour is positive and we aim to tackle inappropriate behaviour through a comprehensive learning process. AIM OF THE BEHAVIOURAL POLICY †¢ To provideRead More Motivating Students Essay2214 Words   |  9 Pagesactivate your senses. Motivation to learn is defined as, â€Å"The meaningfulness, value, and benefits of academic tasks to the learner.† (Lumsden, 1994). Students use motivation in the classroom to stimulate their learning capabilities. â€Å" Some students seem naturally enthusiastic about learning, but many need-or expect-their instructors to inspire, challenge, and stimulate them.† (Gross Davis 1993). To properly motivate one must understand a student’s behaviors. Behaviors that include the logical andRead More My Educational Philosophy Essay1186 Words   |  5 PagesSocrates warned his students over 2000 years ago that the unexamined life is not worth living. (Kreis) This statement, though made so many years ago, mirrors my own beliefs about learning and knowledge acquisition in today’s society. In my own personal philosophy of education, I believe that individuals must continually examine their surroundings and learn from the things they find. I do not believe that just knowing random facts or bits of information is true education. Just as the ancient GreeksRead MoreHow People Learn39 58 Words   |  16 PagesINTRODUCTION HOW PEOPLE LEARN Learning can be defined formally as the act, process, or experience of gaining knowledge or skills. Burns ‘conceives of learning as a relatively permanent change in behaviour, with behaviour including both observable activity and internal processes such as thinking, attitudes and emotions. Burns (1995) considers that learning might not manifest itself in observable behaviour until some time after the educational program has taken place. Learning helps us move from novices

No More Guns Free Essays

If you could invent something new, what product would you develop? Use specific details to explain why this invention is needed. Nowadays, most of people really need product that made their comfort or entertainment. If I could create something, I would like to invent solar car. We will write a custom essay sample on No More Guns or any similar topic only for you Order Now It has many benefits to create because if people change a general car to be a solar car, the world would have more fuel; Expense would become less; the world would become a better place. Firstly, solar car does not need a fuel. In the future, if people still drive a general car, fuel would have no to find and then it would disappear to. Hence, solar car will is becoming essential for the future. Moreover, you can use money to pay for another thing instead of refilling a fuel. Thus, money in a bank will have more and more. Then, you can have money to use when the essential time will come. Finally, pollution will be lost because solar car not need a fuel to use. Unlike a general car that made air dirty. Air will become clean. Therefore, people will have a good health. Not only are good for the people but it also made the world become a better place. From the above, it is clear that why solar car will become important for people in the future. It is not use a fuel to be energy. It is saving your money to pay other things. Lastly, it is not too dangerous for human or nature. How to cite No More Guns, Papers

Information Technology Ethics Impeding the Digital Revolution

Question: Discuss about the Information Technology Ethics of Impeding the Digital Revolution. Answer: Introduction E-commerce to online games, streaming live videos, the Internet is used by a large amount of people. A global audience can access the internet as it is emerging as the pool of information. All this information is accessible for a person if he/she posses a telephone line or a personal computer. It also works as a medium of knowledge sharing. Now days it is seen that the internet is used as the weapon of different deceptive practices that can create confusion in public and try to take advantage of reputation and goodwill of a well-known and successful organization. This kind of deceptive practices comes under the umbrella term cyber piracy. This essay contributes to the different deceptive practices like cyber squatting, domain parking, deceptive ad-words and the effects on the users privacy, security, intellectual property, regulations on the internet, community, and on the convergent computing. The scenario: The cyber piracy is an umbrella term that covers different deceptive practices like Cybersquating: This term is used to describe the registration over a domain name that is not for taking. By doing this the cyber squatter asks the organization or the person whose name or trademarks are contained in the domain name. After this, the cyber squatter tries to extort the victimized person or the organization, and asks money. The claimed money is much greater than the purchasing value. Often the cyber squatters wait so that, a registered domain name expires, after this they register and place humiliating information on the site (Wright, 2012). This is done to encourage the effort of selling the domain to the targeted person or the victimized organization. The example of such cybersquatting incident happened with the Arkansas legal services (https://lsntap.org). The company registered different variations of their website address including www.arlegalservices.com. This domain expired in early 2006, after which in a week a cyber squatter was using the URL for wrong reasonsan d advertised that the URL is for sell. Domain parking: The domain parking is another sophisticated version of the cyber squatting. In domain parking, it takes the advantage of the type-in issue of the user. In this case, a fake website is created that displays contents similar to the original site (Alrwais et al., 2014). This fake websites has some advertisers link. When the links are clicked the user are redirected to the advertisers page. For this, the domain holder gets fees. Often some domain parkers try to sell this similar kind of fake websites. Deceptive Ad-words: Another form of the cyber piracy is the deceptive ad-words that ,are a result of false advertising and ambiguous trade practices. The search engine giants like Google, Yahoo sales ad words to the organizations. Using this ad words the organizations can sell their products on this websites. When a user searches for such words the engine promptly displays the sites that have purchased the particular ad word. Framing: In cyber piracy, the framing can be described as using the content of website in another website without permission or without giving proper credit. Illegal distribution of the software and copyright material: Another form of the cyber piracy is illegal and unauthorized distribution of the software and copyright materials ( Filby, 2013). Using Torrents and other peer-to-peer file sharing services the software and copyright materials are shared over the internet. The stakeholders By the different methods of cyber piracy the owners of the intellectual property ,well known organizations, the well known personalities are victimized and are victimized by the attackers or the hackers. As the cyber, crime is growing day by day and is an industry of 220bn-340bn, which is more than the national income of most of the countries in the world. As an example, the domain name of Google was sold to a person named Sanmay Ved. Although that is for minute the domain was the property of him. Ethical issues Buying the names and keywords are legal, but this is not ethical. Since the the purchase of the domain name can be a step to sabotage the other company(Lau Yuen ,2014). By registering the hostname a that have the keywords which belongs to the other companies or organization can give the permission to do anything with that, but the practically hold the key words or the domain as the hostages. In addition, framing is unethical too. Since there is no proper, credit is given to the intellectual property of the content on the website. Non ethical issues In case of domain parking, it takes advantage of the inexperience of the end users. In this case, the user follows the provided advertisers link and consequently the owner of the site gets the fees or the payment from the advertisers as they provide visitors to the advertisements( Yoon, 2012). Consequences Due to cyber squatting the organizations, celebrity personalities can be harmed due to the offensive use of the domain names. While trying to extort the victim organizations or the person they destroy the reputation and the goodwill in the society(Larsson,2013). Ethical analysis Consequentialism: the theory of consequentialism can be defined as dealing with the consequences rather than the actions itself. According to this theory, it can be stated that the stealing is good if the outcome is for the good (Boyte ,2014). Here for example if we take that in a kingdom a king has stored his warehouses when maximum of the people in the state is starving. Here the stealing of the food to distribute in the people is good. Since the outcome is good. In this case when the softwares, eBooks are priced too high then the cyber squatters, parkers try to prove that when specifically no one is harmed and the knowledge and services are distributed between the people. Therefore, according to them, the information should be free and for the distribution of the software the loss incurred to the organization is insignificant or it can be easily defended. Just consequentialism The traditional consequentialism has some well-known shortcomings. Like it is insensitive to the issues of justice. But in case of the just consequentialism it proposes the use of information or the content without harming interest of the actual owner of the content or the data. Conclusion As the information accessed by through the internet is increasing day by day, therefore the issues with the cyber securities will also increase. To stop these cybercrimes or the cybercriminals, its necessary to introduce new laws against the different cyber crimes. Again as the kind of the cybercrimes in different regions of the world are also different so there should be rules that resembles with each other and can protect different intellectual properties and the ownership of the content on the internet. References Alrwais, S., Yuan, K., Alowaisheq, E., Li, Z., Wang, X. (2014). Understanding the dark side of domain parking. In23rd USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 14)(pp. 207-222). Boyte, A. N. (2014). Finding Copyright's Core Content.University of St. Thomas Law Journal,10(3), 9. Center for Arkansas Legal Services | LSNTAP. (2016).Lsntap.org. Retrieved 28 May 2016, from https://lsntap.org/node/2028 Filby, M. R. (2013).Cyber Piracy: Can File Sharing be Regulated without Impeding the Digital Revolution?(Doctoral dissertation, University of Leicester). Larsson, S., Svensson, M., De Kaminski, M. (2013). Online piracy, anonymity and social change Innovation through deviance.Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies,19(1), 95-114. Lau, W. W., Yuen, A. H. (2014). Internet ethics of adolescents: Understanding demographic differences.Computers Education,72, 378-385. Wright, S. (2012). Cybersquatting at the Intersection of Internet Domain Names and Trademark Law.Communications Surveys Tutorials, IEEE,14(1), 193-205. Yoon, C. (2012). Digital piracy intention: a comparison of theoretical models.Behaviour Information Technology,31(6), 565-576.

SWOT Analysis of Every Business

SWOT analysis is a matrix whose elements can be broken down into Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. In the analysis, the aforementioned elements, which happen to be present in any business, product, or place, are looked at and decisions made regarding the same.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on SWOT Analysis of Every Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More SWOT analysis majorly entails determining the external and internal factors of a project or business venture and consider their favourability. From the comparisons of the internal and external environments, a strategic fit is arrived at. For instance, with the help of SWOT analysis, a business is able to operate in a competitive market environment. The elements of the SWOT matrix stand for the following Strengths: These are the features of the business or project that give the latter competitive advantage over other businesses in the market. Th ey could include assets, human resource, technological resources and prospects, just to mention a few. Weaknesses: These include features of the business that place it at a disadvantaged position over the other businesses in the market. Weakness could include high employee turnover, unsolved legal disputes, and business restrictions, among others. Opportunities: These are features that the business has its disposition, which could be exploited to its benefit. Mergers and acquisitions are examples of opportunities. Threats: These are elements in the external environment that could have a negative impact on the performance of the business. Currency fluctuations are an example of a threat in the business environment. The four elements of the SWOT matrix are classified into two broad groups of internal and external factors. Strengths and weaknesses fall into the class of internal factors of the organisation, while opportunities and threats are manifested in the external environment. The external factors mainly entail matters of the macroeconomy, socio-cultural, law, and changes in the market environment.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In most cases, businesses have no control of the external factors and the only way of dealing with them is by safeguarding or shielding the business or projects from the impact of the external factors. Internal factors mostly entail matters that can be controlled by the business management. The application of SWOT analysis is diversified ranging from projects, profit-making and non-profit making organisations, sole-entrepreneurship, and companies, among others. It is of significance in decision making, especially in cases where the objectives are defined. In addition to this, SWOT analysis can be used in preventing organisational crisis through proper planning of both the internal and external environment. For instance, whe n an organisation is under financial distress, it could use SWOT analysis to identify the affected opportunities and have a pre-crisis plan to prevent the organisation from losing its opportunities. Finally, yet importantly, SWOT analysis is crucial in providing recommendation for project studies and surveys. It is an indicator of the viability of the study or survey. From the above discussion, it can be concluded that SWOT analysis is an important management tool in any organisation. The strategic plans and decisions arrived at after a SWOT analysis help in the achievement of organisational goals and objectives. Despite its significance, SWOT analysis just like any other tool of management, has faced a lot of criticism regarding its performance and application. For instance, SWOT analysis has the drawback of prioritisation and compilation of the factors in the various categories. With this weakness, it becomes difficult to analyse wrongly categorised factors and come up with soluti ons. This report on SWOT Analysis of Every Business was written and submitted by user Brendon Love to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Ccna

OSPF Terminology Neighbor – A neighbor refers to a connected (adjacent) router that is running an OSPF process with the adjacent interface assigned to the same area. Neighbors are found by Hello packets. Adjacency - An adjacency refers to the logical connection between a router and its corresponding designated routers and backup designed routers. Link – In OSPF, a link refers to a network of a router interface assigned to any given network. Within OSPF, link is synonymous with interface. Interface – An interface is a physical interface on a router. When an interface is added to the OSPF process, it is considered by OSPF as a link. If an interface is up than a link is up. Link State Advisement – (LSA) is an OSPF data packet containing link state and routing information that is shared among OSPF routers. Designated router – (DR) is only used when the OSPF router is connected to a broadcast (multi-access) network. Backup Designated router – (BDR) is a hot standby for the DR on broadcast links. OSPF areas – OSPF areas are similar to EIGRP Autonomous Systems. Areas are used to establish a hierarchical network. It uses four types of areas. Area boarder router – (ABR) is a router that has multiple area assignments. An interface may belong to only one area. If a router has multiple interfaces and if any of these interfaces belong to different areas, the router is considered ABR. Autonomous system boundary router – (ASBR) is a router with an interface connected to an external network or a different AS. An external network or AS refers to an interface belonging to a different routing protocol. Non-broadcast multi-access – (NMBA) networks are networks such as Frame Relay, X.25, and ATM. This type of network allows for multi-access but has no broadcast ability like Ethernet. Broadcast (Multi-access) – Networks such as Ethernet allow multiple access as well as provide broadcast ability. Point-to-Point – This t... Free Essays on Ccna Free Essays on Ccna OSPF Terminology Neighbor – A neighbor refers to a connected (adjacent) router that is running an OSPF process with the adjacent interface assigned to the same area. Neighbors are found by Hello packets. Adjacency - An adjacency refers to the logical connection between a router and its corresponding designated routers and backup designed routers. Link – In OSPF, a link refers to a network of a router interface assigned to any given network. Within OSPF, link is synonymous with interface. Interface – An interface is a physical interface on a router. When an interface is added to the OSPF process, it is considered by OSPF as a link. If an interface is up than a link is up. Link State Advisement – (LSA) is an OSPF data packet containing link state and routing information that is shared among OSPF routers. Designated router – (DR) is only used when the OSPF router is connected to a broadcast (multi-access) network. Backup Designated router – (BDR) is a hot standby for the DR on broadcast links. OSPF areas – OSPF areas are similar to EIGRP Autonomous Systems. Areas are used to establish a hierarchical network. It uses four types of areas. Area boarder router – (ABR) is a router that has multiple area assignments. An interface may belong to only one area. If a router has multiple interfaces and if any of these interfaces belong to different areas, the router is considered ABR. Autonomous system boundary router – (ASBR) is a router with an interface connected to an external network or a different AS. An external network or AS refers to an interface belonging to a different routing protocol. Non-broadcast multi-access – (NMBA) networks are networks such as Frame Relay, X.25, and ATM. This type of network allows for multi-access but has no broadcast ability like Ethernet. Broadcast (Multi-access) – Networks such as Ethernet allow multiple access as well as provide broadcast ability. Point-to-Point – This t...

Nixon's Counterterrorism Policies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nixon's Counterterrorism Policies - Essay Example It also looked into the implementation of these activities effectively. It consisted of the Secretary of State, Secretary of Defense, the Attorney General, Secretary of Transportation, Secretary of Treasury, the Ambassador of the United Nations, the director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, director of the Central Intelligence Agency and Assistant to the President for National Security affairs (Crenshaw n.p.). Two incidents which triggered the formation of this committee took place in the early 1970’s which led to the development of the modern counterterrorism policies. One occurred at the Munich Olympics in September 1972 by the Black September Organization, killing approximately 11 Israeli athletes. Another case of terrorism conducted by the same organization occurred in the form of kidnapping which took place in Khartoum and the immediate assassination of US Ambassador and his Deputy Chief Commission along with a Belgian diplomat (Naftali 33). This was the ultimate c ase which convinced President Nixon to take strong action against terrorism. The tangible threats to the US national security were the main focus of Nixon’s policy. ... By the time it got down to Clinton, he ensured his policies stood out from his predecessors. Another aim was to reduce the tension in the Middle East between the Israeli and Arab world. Nixon had assigned the responsibilities of counterterrorism to his old friend William Roger (Alexander xix). Arabs were in a natural conflict with the United States for its support for the Israel cause. Ever since the Six Day War of 1967, the Palestinians’ resentment grew stronger and they took wild measures in the form of terrorist acts. The case of Jordan in 1970 was one of great concern for the Western world. The defeat of the Fatah-led Palestinians gave rise to the emergence of the organization of Black September which split away from PLO by its own choice and continued to involve in radical acts across the globe. The main concern while fighting against these terrorists forces for the US was the elaborate network which could capture their Embassy in Jordan. The US paratroopers were brought to alert positions and seize the International Airport if necessary. This was the first lesson they got in dealing with the terrorists (Naftali 54). The presidents were pressurized to maintain their complete attention on the issue of terrorism. Although they did their best, their resolutions and initiatives were never entirely implemented by the concerned bureaucracies. In 1981 the call to establish a clearinghouse of intelligence by Vice President George H.W. Bush went unheard. The National Security Decision Directive 138 was issued by Reagan’s administration in 1984 strongly condemning any act of terrorism stating that such activities would not be tolerated by the United States (Crenshaw 2005). Nixon employed several steps as a move towards counterterrorism which

Qualitative individual Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Qualitative individual - Essay Example Bullying in health care involves all members of the medical fraternity such as health care workers, nurses, and doctors. Bullying in health care is more apparent compared to other problems such as sexual harassment face institutions. Bullying victims can help reduce the problem by reporting bullying incidences to the management (D. Jackson, 2008). According to (Gaffney, Donna, Anne, Judith & Wendy, 2012) in the article making things right: nurses' experiences with workplace bullying-a grounded theory, bullying is an internationally recognized problem that affect healthcare institutions. The article clearly states how the problem affects healthcare management. The article looks in to the effects of the bullying on patients, health care workers and the entire health care systems. These are the primary areas in nursing and healthcare. Addressing bullying in these, healthcare areas demonstrate that indeed bullying play a crucial role in prevention of effective and efficient health care s ystems. The article explains what the suffering patients go through because of bullying of nurses. Bullied nurses do not have the energy to serve patients with compassion and love (Monks, el et, 2009). The affected nurses loose esteem and there are a high probability for them to make mistakes as they carry out their duties. In some cases, the affected health care workers may feel isolated, get depressed and develop in drug substance additions such as alcohol. The primary objective of the research outline in the article was to understand the complexity of bullying in healthcare institutions. The article highlights the consequences of bullying as one of the outcomes of the research undertaken. The research question stated is extensive enough to qualify for a qualitative research. The main objective of a qualitative research is to bring a variety of data extracted from an array of sources using different methods. Qualitative research employs real world settings in data collection. The study design was consistent with qualitative research approach. The study employed qualitative constructivist grounded approach with the use of respondent’s individual experiences. Both online and offline means were some of the methods respondents used to give their experiences. Guided questions helped the researcher pick the bullying social realities. Quite often researchers engage their values and experiences biasing the research outcome. The researchers laid precautions to prevent researchers from biasing the research. Qualitative research does not use experimental approach since its primary goal is to capture a thorough comprehension of the concerned phenomenon. The subjects used in the research covered by the article â€Å"Making things Right† consistently comply with qualitative research methodology. The objective of the research is to get an in-depth knowledge and understanding of bullying in healthcare institutions. The setting in this research engages anonymou s respondents to give their own experiences inform of a narrative of 5 to 780 words. In qualitative research, data collection involves a number of methods. This particular research required unstructured data. The use of a web link to conduct electronic survey in the internet provided an ideal means for conducting data collection. The validity and the integrity of the data use in the research are crucial to ensure correctness of the research

LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

LAW - Essay Example It is not more than 100 words and focuses solely on defining the reader what the writer is going to talk about. ADR is one of the subjects of discussion, and the writer starts which the explanation of ADR which also includes the definition of the same. After having explained the concept, the writer further dwells into the understanding and the functioning of ADR. He argues the advantages and the disadvantages of ADR. It also involves the study of different types of ADR and their functions with regard to the settlement of the disputes. The writer has given a brief explanation of each and every type of ADR and their different approached towards the settlement of disputes. The writer in the third structure talks about Litigation which is also known as Court Trial. Over here he defines and explains what we really mean by Court trial and how it functions. After having discussed the brief functions of Court Trial, the writer then dwells on the advantages and the disadvantages of Court Tria l. The writer goes deep into the advantages and disadvantages of Court Trial and concludes with the same.Question 2 Question 2 Court Trial and ADR Introduction In Halsey v Milton Keynes General NHS Trust, the Court has the following observation: â€Å"All members of the legal profession who conduct litigation should now consider with their clients whether disputes are suitable for ADR†.... Despite a lot of negativity having been spread about ADR in recent years, the fact remains that ADR is now the most sought after mode of settling disputes and due to its simplicity it has become the major force to reckon with for lawyers. It was held in the case of Halsey v Milton Keynes the following: â€Å"the courts will not refuse costs to a successful party unless it was shown that the successful party acted unreasonably in refusing to agree to ADR. The normal order of costs made to the winning party (costs follow the event – crudely stated â€Å"the winner takes all†) would not apply if the successful party acted unreasonably.† Understanding the point of view given in the above case, it can be inferred that the Courts made it clear that it would not obligatory on the part of the parties to opt for Arbitration; however, in the same proposition Courts do feel that the parties should try their utmost best to opt for ADR in settling the disputes. ADR can be div ided into two types. The first form of ADR is resolving and settling disputes outside the official judicial mechanisms. The second form of ADR is to resolve and settle disputes informal to official judicial mechanisms. It involves the informal tribunals and informal mediation processes as well as formal tribunals and formal mediation processes. Let us discuss the forms of ADR before we move further. ADR consists of the following means: a) Arbitration b) Mediation c) Conciliation d) Negotiation All these forms of ADR are extremely popular within the legal profession. Arbitration is the form of settlement of disputes where the matter is given to an independent party

Comparison of Male and Female Hormones

Comparison of Male and Female Hormones Gonadal sex hormones also known as steroids, hormones or androgen and estrogen receptor interaction vertebrate steroids. The consequences are mediated by nuclear receptor mechanisms and slow the genome associated membrane receptors and signaling cascades through rapid non-genomic mechanisms. The term sex hormone nearly always is synonymous with sex steroids. Produce Natural sex steroid hormones (testis or ovary, performance), liver or adrenal glands, fat, or other organizations in the conversion of other hormones. Synthesis of sex steroid hormones There are also many synthetic sex steroids. Androgen often referred to as anabolic steroids. Estrogen and progestin contraceptive use synthetic hormones. Ethinyl estradiol is a semi-synthetic estrogen. Specific compounds, partial agonist activity of steroid receptors, so act like a natural steroid hormone, cell type, medical conditions, need for steroid treatment are in use, but if the whole body systemic effects of specific steroids are the only a desirable within certain limits.Species In many cases, two kinds of male steroid hormones and estrogen, testosterone, estradiol, this is the most important human derivatives, respectively. Other that sex hormones, androgen and estrogen, because in addition to the third category include progestagen. Natural progesterone is the most important is people progestagen. In general, the male hormones male hormone of consideration, because they have a masculine influence, while estrogen and progestagens female hormone, despite the different levels of different sex, but consider. Sex hormones, including: Male hormones: anabolic steroid androstenedione dehydroepiandrosterone dihydrotestosterone testosterone Estrogen: estradiol estriol estrone Progestagens: progesterone striker progesterone Androgen Also known as the male androgen hormones or testoids, any natural or synthetic compounds is a common term, usually steroid hormone, to stimulate the male hormone receptor or a combination of the development and maintenance of male characteristics in the control of the spine. Supporting male sex organs and male secondary sexual characteristics, including development activities. Androgen was first discovered in 1936. Reduction of male hormone precursors of anabolic steroids and all estrogens, the female sex hormone. First of all, the most famous is the male hormone testosterone. Androgen ablation as an effective treatment for prostate cancer may be used. Species A subset of the male hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, 19 carbon adrenal cortex, adrenal cortex adrenal (gland closed mesh band inner district) include a synthetic steroid, steroids, steroids or earlier, the weak feature, androstenedione dehydrogenation DHEA (DHEA), the dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAs S), and are also included. In addition, testosterone, male hormones, including: (DHEA) Dehydroepiandrosterone: a steroid hormone production of cholesterol in the adrenal cortex. The main precursor of natural estrogens. Also known as dehydroepiandrosterone or dehydroandrosterone. (Andros) Androstenedione: A testicular androgens, adrenal steroids produced by the ovaries. The testosterone and other hormones androstenediones digestion conversion, which is the basic structure of estrone. As an athlete or fitness supplement androstenedione use has been banned in the International Olympic Committee and other sports organizations. Androstenediol: gonadotropin secretion by steroid metabolites are considered as the main regulatory body. DHEA: A chemical classification of androgen or progesterone during the creation of derivative products, but a minor seventh strength also affected masculinising testosterone. Plasma and urine of men and women, found that approximately the same number. (DHT) in the DHT: testosterone metabolites, and a more powerful male hormone testosterone, because it more closely than the androgen receptor. It is the manufacture of the adrenal cortex. Androgen Male development The formation of testis In mammalian development, ovarian or testicular gonad to become either the first time. In humans, about 4 weeks when the embryo is beginning gonadal mesoderm in the middle of the current adjacent to the development of kidney. About 6 weeks, the testis epithelium, gender lines, including developing countries and germ cells as they migrate to the gonads. In males, certain Y chromosome genes, including early bipotential gonad to testis, especially in the SRY gene conversion, male phenotype development control. The full development of the gonadal sex of the man climbing wires. Androgen production The development of Sertoli cells, epithelial cells derived from the mesoderm cells to form sperm sex string, which will be support acts. Small population of non-epithelial cells occurs during embryonic development of human renal tubular 8 weeks. This is the Leydig cells. Soon after, they separated Leydig cells begin to produce male hormones. Androgen As a paracrine Sertoli cells of androgen hormones are necessary to support sperm production. They also constitute the development of the penis and scrotum with men (to the male fetus). Under the influence of androgens, mesonephron remnants, Wolf tube, epididymis, vas deferens and seminal vesicle development. The action of androgen is a hormone from Sertoli cells (Mullerian inhibiting hormone) MIH, the fallopian tubes and other women in the male reproductive tract in the fetal Mà ¼llerian tissue to prevent the developing fetus. MIH and testicular androgen scrotum, so that normal movement cooperation. Spermatogenesis In adolescence, androgen, LH and FSH increase in production and hollow out the wires, so that seminiferous tubules and germ cells start to differentiate into sperm. In adulthood, testosterone and FSH collaborative features to support cell to support the production of sperm. Exogenous testosterone as a male contraceptive. Use of elevated androgen can suppress androgen production by the Leydig cells LH blocks the production of endogenous androgen levels. Since the local production of high levels of male testosterone hormone no Leydig cells, seminiferous tubule degeneration can lead to infertility. For this reason, many transdermal androgen patches applied to the scrotum. Inhibition of fat deposition More men than women are usually less adipose tissue. Some recent results show that the androgen signaling pathway potential of fat cells, fat cells by blocking the normal function of a one-stop support for lipids. In addition, androgen, not estrogen, ÃŽ ±, ÃŽ ² adrenergic receptors, and low growth adrenergic receptors, leading to increased levels of adrenaline / 2 ÃŽ ± receptor negative feedback, the lack of norepinephrine and adrenaline fat / norepinephrine acting on lipolysis induced by the lack of accumulation of ÃŽ ²-receptor. Muscle More women than men usually musculoskeletal. Androgens promote the growth of skeletal muscle cells, and even an integrated way to work in a variety of skeletal muscle cells work. To convey a type of muscle cell signaling leading to hormone is myoblasts. High levels of male hormones increase the expression of androgen receptor lead. Myoblast myotube fusion is a process, is the level of androgen receptor, is generated. Brain Circulating androgen levels affect human behavior because some neurons may be sensitive to steroids. Androgen levels of people involved and the regulation of aggression. In fact, in many species composition change in brain testosterone in rats and mice have the ability, and primates, including the construction of gender. However, those who determine the potential of androgen or estrogen into changes in neural anatomy dry a bit difficult, several reports have stressed that it can change the brain structure of male hormones, so that (U.S. female hormone, estrogen or other estrogen) a group of steroid compounds, the estrus cycle in the importance of the name, and as the main female hormones, their names / (breeding period of female mammals oistros projects) + general / = gonos produce. Estrogen oral contraceptives as part of a number of estrogen replacement therapy on postmenopausal women, women in the anti-hormone replacement therapy. Like all steroid hormones, estrogen easily diffuse throughout the cell membrane. Once inside the cell, and give them a combination of regulation of estrogen receptor expression in the activation of many genes. In addition, estrogen has been shown an activation of G protein-coupled receptor GPR30. Kind Steroid Three women in the natural estrogen estrone (E1) to estradiol (E2), and (estriol E3),. Estradiol (E2) a large non-pregnant women produce estrogen in menopause, pregnancy, and estriol is the major estrogen. Institutions, through the action of these enzymes in the production of male hormones is. From menarche to menopause, estrogen is mainly 17ÃŽ ²-estradiol. Postmenopausal women estrogen estradiol exist. estradiol testosterone and androstenedione to estrogen by aromatase. estrogen is weaker than estradiol. Premarin, an estrogen commonly prescribed drugs, steroidal estrogens equilin, also equilenin, including sulfate, but because of their health risks, more genetic progynova (estradiol valerate) Estrogen hormone requirements require more frequent. Non-steroidal A series of synthetic and natural materials have been identified with estrogenic activity. synthetic substances, such as xenoestrogens are known. known as the estrogenic activity of phytoestrogens of plant products. mycoestrogens those of known fungi. Estrogen produced by different mammals, these substances are not necessarily steroids. Biosynthesis Steroid hormones, showing the pink triangle in the lower right corner to estrogen. Primary follicles in the ovaries of estrogen, luteal Fund and produced by placental growth. Luteinizing hormone (LH) to stimulate ovarian production of estrogen. Any estrogen liver, adrenal glands produce a small amount of other organizations, such as breast cancer. These secondary sources, in particular, is an important estrogen in postmenopausal women. Fat cells produce estrogen, are more likely to lead to weight loss or weight is a risk factor for infertility benefits. In women, ovarian estrogen synthesis in the beginning in the international theca cells, the synthesis of cholesterol and androstenedione. Androstenedione is a mild male hormone substances. Granulosa cells surrounding the campus, such as estrogen or estrogen, testosterone, either directly or through a rotation through the basement membrane. Conversion of testosterone estradiol, estrone, and androstenedione that aromatase in the society. Estrogen in menstrual cycles, through the highest, and level before ovulation. Function The estrogen found in men and women, they will usually significantly higher than women of childbearing age are present. Female secondary sexual characteristics such as breast growth-promoting, regulating the menstrual cycle, endometrial thickening, and other aspects of the work. In men, the effect of estrogen on reproductive sperm mature critical system control functions may need a healthy sex drive. In addition, there are many other functions, in addition to other structural changes caused by estrogen. Dental, gums, and hyperkeratinization reduce vascular permeability, increased exudation, and edema [edit]. Structure the formation of female secondary sex characteristics, and promote The slow growth of O-height accelerate the metabolism (fat burning) reduce muscle stimulation of the endometrium increase uterine growth increase in vaginal lubrication vaginal wall thickening blood vessels and skin care reduce bone resorption, increase bone formation Morphic rings the changes (endomorphic -> liquid crystal phase -> ectomorphic) protein synthesis increased hepatic production of binding proteins Settings 2,7 growth factors, circulating levels of 9,10, plasminogen antithrombin deficiency increase in platelet adhesion fat to increase high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides low LDL, fat deposition fluid balance salt (sodium) and water retention [edit] Hormones increase in cortisol, sex hormone binding globulin gastrointestinal tract reduce bowel movement increase the bile cholesterol melanoma increase in pheomelanin, eumelanin in Cancer O support the hormone-sensitive breast cancer lung function the promotion of alveolar support (mouse, but perhaps in humans). Estrogen levels, rather than the level of sexual desire is dependent on androgen. Fetal development In mice (male hormone estrogen in the brain from the smell of which is local) to play an important role in psychological differentiation, for example, by the masculine territory, the same is not true of humans. In humans, behavioral effects of prenatal androgen masculinity (and other organizations, with the possible exception of bone) through the androgen receptor function, in particular, appear. Therefore, the study of human psychological differentiation of murine challenge model. Medical Applications Oral contraceptives FSH and LH levels of estrogen in the blood circulation to reduce the negative feedback loop, most oral contraceptives contain a synthetic estrogen and progesterone synthesis together, because a. LH response to male hormone estradiol in the main, not testosterone. Hormone replacement therapy As more and more detailed article in the hormone replacement therapy, estrogen and other hormones in postmenopausal women are discussed, in order to prevent osteoporosis and hot flushes, vaginal dryness, urinary stress incontinence, feeling of cold treatment menopausal symptoms such as dizziness, fatigue, irritability, and sweating. Cervical spine, wrist fractures, and 50-70% in 3 years, the incidence and menopause, estrogen therapy increased spinal bone mineral density of women ~ 5% of 5-10 years, then decrease. Conjugated equine estrogen and further understanding of specific threats, such as the standard combination of Premarin treatment of 0.625 Ma (mg day estrogen / a) of the. There are, however, the risks associated with horses combined with estrogen therapy. Older postmenopausal womens health association (WHI) initiative, oral conjugated equine estrogen supplement some of the risk of women in the study increased the risk of blood clots was found to be associated with. WHI study of estrogen supplement, conjugated equine estrogen (Premarin and medroxyprogesterone only as a high dose of Prempro type of use). By the U.S. National Institutes of Health, a study proved that estrogen esterification health risks is not the same horse estrogen. The beneficial effects of hormone replacement therapy on serum cholesterol levels, and immediately started after menopause can reduce the incidence of heart disease, although this hypothesis has not yet been tested in randomized trials. Effects of estrogen on atherosclerosis seems to be a protective effect: it lowers LDL and triglycerides and increase high-density lipoprotein levels and endothelial vasodilation properties, coupled with anti-inflammatory ingredients. Ongoing study to determine whether the risk of estrogen use are the same for all distributions. Specifically, the different spectrum of side effects than estrogen Hormone Local applications may be oral, transdermal estrogen and not affecting coagulation, because they are directly absorbed into the systemic circulation, first through the liver metabolism of therapy. Thus, route of administration of thromboembolic disease as womens history. Estrogen for the treatment of vaginal atrophy was, hypoestrogenism hypogonadism, castration, or as a result of (primary ovarian failure), amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, and oligomenorrhea. Breastfed babies can be used to suppress estrogen. Breast Cancer About 80% of breast cancer, once established, depending on the supply of growth hormones estrogen: hormone sensitive or hormone receptor-positive cancers are called. Inhibition of estrogen production, which is a cancer in the body. Researchers recently found that the common table mushrooms may be the anti-estrogen anti-aromatase properties, and so the. Clinical trials have begun in the United States mushrooms can look at the table to prevent breast cancer in people. A recent study pointed out the importance of the study. 2009, 2018 womens eating habits, case-control study showed that women who eat mushrooms are about 50% lower incidence of breast cancer. Women who consumed the mushrooms and green tea, 90% lower incidence of breast cancer. Hormone receptor-positive breast cancer by inhibiting the production of estrogen in the body is processing. In breast cancer treatment technology, to varying degrees known as hormone therapy, hormone therapy or anti-estrogen (hormone replacement therapy to treat not to be confused). Even some foods such as soy proliferation of estrogen hormone therapy to suppress can be used as substitutes. Prostate cancer In some cases, estrogen treatment of men with prostate cancer may also be used. Miscellaneous In humans and mice, estrogen promote wound healing. For some time, due to attenuation of estrogen tall girls has been increasing. Recently, estrogen controversy Ashley growth attenuation was used as part of their treatment up to adult size of the girls living with developmental disabilities. Recently, estrogen treatment of patients suffering from bulimia as an experimental research approach is cognitive behavioral therapy, which provides standards for the treatment of bulimia cases, unless. The study suggested that estrogen may be related to hormonal imbalance in disease of the brain. Estrogen is also research showing that it is an effective drug use in the treatment of traumatic liver injury may be used. Health risks and warning labels Hyperestrogenemia (high levels of estrogen), estrogen or estrogen-like substances, the result of exogenous administration, may be or may lead to pregnancy, such as physical condition. All of these factors with increased risk of thrombosis. U.S. warning label boxed product, if not only progestagen unopposed estrogen (estrogen) therapy may increase the risk of endometrial cancer were included. Review of the data based on the WHI, January 8, 2003 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for postmenopausal women using estrogen and estrogen with all of the progesterone-related product labeling, including the heart and other risks of a new boxed warning has changed. The WHI estrogen alone would likely more than 50 years of age over 65 years old and postmenopausal women at increased risk of dementia in postmenopausal women, stroke and deep vein thrombosis (DVT) risk of 0.625 mg of Premarin report uses the combination of horse estrogen (CEE). WHI estrogen plus progestin, the probability will be 50 years of age or older and postmenopausal women 65 years of age increased risk of dementia in postmenopausal women with myocardial infarction, stroke, invasive breast cancer, pulmonary emboli, deep vein thrombosis form and report the threat or Prempro progestin medroxyprogesterone (MPA) of 0.625 mg and 2.5 mg of the old Eastern Europe. Cosmetic Some hair shampoo market, including estrogen and placental extract, some containing phytoestrogens. Case reports of young children, exposure to these shampoo is to develop breasts. September 9, 1993, FDAs decision, all the local application of hormone containing non-prescription drug products for human use, safe, effective and are misbranded generally recognized. With the proposed rule related to cosmetics, and concluded that natural estrogen in a new product without the approval of cosmetics made of any drug use, any cosmetic ingredients identified in their text or in his statement, a term used requirements implied hormone drugs, subject to regulatory action of this product. Also posted false labeling of drugs, including placenta extract can also be regarded as misbranded cosmetics claims that it is considered biologically active substances and other placental hormones have been removed, the material extracted if the extraction of proteins prepared. FDA proposed to identify the substance by another name than placental extract and describe its structure, more accurate, because consumers will be known as the use of certain biological activity of a treatment with placental extract Progestagen Progestagens (also shows progesterone or gestagens) are a group of hormones, including progesterone. Steroids Progestagens five main parts, estrogen, androgen, mineralocorticoids, the glucocorticoids. All the basic features of progestagens carbon skeleton is 21 pregnant skeleton (C21 in) is called. Similarly, estrogen a estrane (skeleton have C18s) and androgen, a andrane (Block C19 skeleton). Progestagens for their work (Pro has been designated as the maintenance of pregnancy, pregnancy), although the other stages of estrus and the menstrual cycle exists. A hormone progestagen and pregnant all the steroid skeleton, that is, both natural and synthetic, exogenous or synthetic hormone commonly referred to as progesterone are included. Action Other steroids, as traders Progestagens Steroid biosynthesis, the first phase of cholesterol into pregnenolone molecule (fifth). Progestagen class P5 and other members of steroid precursors, as all the other steroids, estrogen, androgen, mineralocorticoids, including glucocorticoids. Xiao Wu, a small four-, 17ÃŽ ±-hydroxy, 17ÃŽ ±-hydroxy and both endogenous middle. Therefore, all steroid production organization, adrenal gland, ovary and testis should be able to produce progestagens. In some organizations, all of the enzymes required for the final product is not located in a cell, for example, in the follicle, cholesterol, androstenedione, testosterone conversion theca cells, further into estrogen effects in granulosa cells. Some species, fetal adrenal gland, which is a small four-fifth of estrogen into the production of the placenta (see below). In humans, fetal adrenal fifth dihydroepiandrosterone production line. Progestagen production of ovarian Progesterone (P4) led all mammalian species progestagen produced by the Fund corpus luteum. Luteal cells have the necessary enzymatic conversion of cholesterol Pregnenolone (fifth), and later became a Small 4. P4 of the estrous cycle is the highest proestrus phase of the project. Progestagen produced by the placenta   progestagen production in the role of the placenta in different species. Sheep, horses and took over most of the human placental progestagen production, while other varieties remains the main source of funding luteal progestagen. In the sheep and human, small four major placental progestagen. A variety of shoes progestagens, the main 5ÃŽ ±DHP and 20ÃŽ ±5P, 60 day reasons. Luteo placental transfer of 120-150 days throughout the year. Use Family planning Main article: Hormonal contraceptives progesterone progestin pills alone or combined with oral contraceptives, contraceptive patch is the use of estrogen, birth control pills and vaginal rings. Medroxyprogesterone acetate (German-Polish Proveras) Norethisterone Enanthate and acetic acid (Noristerat) is a long-acting injection. Etonogestrol subcutaneous implants (Implanon) releases. Norplant implants and Jadelle release of levonorgestrel. levonorgestrel intrauterine system IUS  ® (Mirena) release. Antiandrogen Main article: Anti-androgen Luteinizing hormone deficiency Progestinic compounds (LH) levels, etc., in the womens and men cisgender, will reduce the testicular LH stimulation is due to the nature of anti-androgen. A common example of a progestinic cyclopropane drug is an effective anti-androgen, androgen receptor antagonist progestinic think it is more advantageous to reduce the level of LH. Progesterone withdrawal bleeding In a normal menstrual cycle, progesterone levels fall, menstruation triggers. Norethindrone (brand name Aygestin) medroxyprogesterone acetate (brand name progesterone) induced the synthesis of progesterone withdrawal bleeding, can use the [edit]. Cachexia syndrome More information: cachexia Many people who suffer from a solid malignant tumors, especially in the stomach and pancreatic cancer, progestagens to improve appetite, reduce waste can be used. Usually, they prefer to use dexamethasone in combination with other steroids. The result is a clear need for a few weeks, but still relatively extended compared to those of corticosteroids. Further, they just increase lean body mass has been recognized as a drug. Cachexia Megestrol responsible for managing the Groups lead drug. Adverse effects Adverse effects of progestagens, breast discomfort, premenstrual syndrome, menstrual cycles and weak male action breakthrough bleeding, acne, edema, weight changes, depression include changes in sexual desire. In addition, a pair of an increased risk of thrombosis.

Porter Analysis of the Zara Fashion Chain Essay -- Business Analysis R

Porter Analysis of the Zara Fashion Chain The Zara fashion chain, with 546 stores in 30 countries today ?from which 340 are outside Spain- and ?2914,3 millions of total sales in 2002, is undoubtedly the group?s locomotive (Inditex, 2003). In 2002 it represented 33% of the group?s total stores, accounted for 72% of the group?s total sales and contributed to the holding?s total profits for ?540.4 millions (Inditex FY2002 Results Presentation, 2003). Moreover, Zara with 75-90 new stores within 2003 takes the lion?s share in group?s current year store openings (total openings for 2003: 260-315). The purpose of the Porter analysis is to analyse the competitiveness of the market. Threat of entry Threat of entry to the apparel industry is medium. Economies of scale play the moderate role (as stated in the case study), capital requirements for entry vary, distribution channels are available, threat of retaliation is medium and government legislations play only a moderate role. On the other hand market experience and differentiation play the vital role. Threat of substitutes Threat of product-for-product substitution on this market is very high. It comes from other apparel retailers, designer clothes and tailor houses. Substitution by need is unlikely. Generic substitution can take place as well as ?doing without?. Power of buyers Power of buyers on the market is moderate because there are many small buyers, retailers differentiate and are of big size, alternative sou...

Desperate Air

What would I do if I was in George Nash’s position as Vice President of Real Estate at Desperate Air Corporation (a company in dire financial straits), and my pending sale of Florida property potentially had toxic waste buried beneath the surface. I found this to be the least challenging question posed thus far in terms of my own ethical beliefs. In this instance I would proceed with the sale without disclosing the information regarding what I had heard about the toxic waste. Clearly Florida law states that you do not have to disclose that there is a hazardous substance on commercial property as long as there is not a fraudulent statement about the property. Nash did his due diligence by hiring someone to do an environmental study. The company hired found nothing and a report was submitted to the buyers. Nash also consulted his attorney about what should be disclosed. Fledgling, the company purchasing the property, had the responsibility of performing their own due diligence. While a representative walked the property and found nothing, the article did not state whether or not Fledgling did a full environmental study as well. That should have been part of the purchaser’s process. If you purchase a home it is your responsibility to hire an impartial building inspector to look at your home and report on its condition. The Fledgling representative had the same responsibility to obtain an impartial environmental study. Had the representative done so, they probably would have discovered the toxic waste. It doesn’t matter that the DAC report did not include the disclosure. Unfortunately Fledglings representative was at fault here in my opinion. The fact that Nash prayed about the situation shows that he is not a cold hearted capitalist with only selfish motivations. Similarities between â€Å"Desperate Air† and the Seglin article are that two executives had to make choices that they believed would prevent their companies from potential financial ruin. Although I believe there are differences in the level of disclosure (I believe the CEO of the aircraft company had a financial responsibility to disclose his findings to the auditors), the process of deciding what to disclose is similar. Both parties consulted their attorneys whose guidance instructed them that they did not have to disclose the information. The motivating factor in both decisions was to protect the livelihood of their companies. The facts of the information that had been revealed to each company had not been proven. Had Nash followed the RDCAR process I believe the outcome of his decision may have been different. Nash did not go through the process of recognition. There was no survey of stakeholders. He did not even disclose the findings to his CEO. There was no chance to find out if withholding the toxicity information was something that would make other staff members uncomfortable. Nash did not engage in discovery. There was no attempt to build internal and external transparency. Fledgling did not have the opportunity to react to the information. There was a possibility that the sale would not have progressed if the information on toxic waste had been disclosed. It may have only delayed the sale, but there was no way to find that out. There was no cognition. No one in DAC management or any other DAC staff was presented with a â€Å"what would you do? scenario that would have spelled out company values. No policy or action was put into place to deal with the situation. The only action taken was that Nash consulted an attorney. Nash did reflect on the decision, but no one else in the company had the opportunity to do so. Due to the fact that there was no legal reason to disclose the information of toxic waste to Fledgling, and the fact that they failed to do their own due diligence, in this instance I would agree with Nash’s decision to proceed with the sale in order to help protect the financial position of DAC.

Chocolat Book Report Essay

Publishers: First Published in Great Britain in 1999 by Doubleplay, an imprint of Transworld Publishers, Black Swan edition published 2000, Black Swan edition reissued 2007 Chocolat is a 1999 novel by Joanne Harris. It tells the story of Vianne Rocher, a young single mother, who arrives in the French village of Lansquenet-sous-Tannes at the beginning of Lent with her six-year-old daughter, Anouk. Vianne opens a chocolate shop, La Celeste Praline, right opposite the village church, and throughout the traditional season self-denial Lent, proceeds to gently change the lives of the villagers who visit her chocolaterie with a combination of sympathy, determination and a little magic. This scandalizes the parish priest, Francis Reynaud, and his supporters who are convinced Vivian is evil. As tensions run high, the community is increasingly divided, and as Easter approaches, pitting the ritual of the Church against the indulgence of chocolate, Father Reynaud and Vianne Rocher face an inevitable battle I personally really loved the book; Joanne Harris really did a great job in creating an enticing plot with a bunch of strong and unique characters. My favorite is Anouk who although is only six years old brings such life to the book and manages to give a bit of light heartedness to points where the book can become heavy. This is a wonderful tale of family and magic and hope. It is not your typical romance and well worth the time. The book is a full of strong opinions and characters; Ms. Harris manages to capture your attention with her delicious descriptions and fast moving plot. There really is never a boring moment in this book, its fantastic for anyone who loves books that are thought provoking yet still enjoyable and fun. An Important moment in this book is when Vianne decides the hold the Easter Chocolate Festival. At this point in the book you begin to see the rivalry between Vianne and Father Francis Reynaud through the chocolates and the church. Although the rivalry mostly comes from Father Reynaud, Vianne can feel the dislike he has for her. Many of the town’s folk really began to divide at this point. We also began to see Reynaud began to go mad with his obsession for Vianne and the destroying of her chocolates. We see Reynaud change quite considerably throughout the book. Francis Reynaud, like any religious man in a small town, has a big influence on all the people of Lansquenet. He is quit oppressive with his views and tends to carry a very much holier than thou attitude towards his parish. At one point in the book he compares himself to a sheapard and how his flock need him â€Å"Sheep are not the docile, pleasant creatures of the pastoral idyll. Any countryman will tell you that. They are sly, occasionally vicious, and pathologically stupid. The lenient shepherd may find his flock unruly, defiant. I cannot afford to be lenient. † His suspicions begin with the arrival of Vianne and Anouk and his initial strategy is to try and befriend the enemy. He offers her help in repairing the bakery but she refuses politely, emphasizing that she has got it all under control. He hopes that people will realize that she should be evicted on their own in fear of tarnishing his reputation. His plan works at first as concerned mothers begin to forbid their children from spending time with Anouk, as she plants wild ideas in to their heads. Also business is not running very smoothly at the chocolate shop and Reynaud begins to believe that it is just a matter of time before they leave with the changing of the wind. We see him slowly began to grasp for desperation that he is right that Vianne is evil and that he is still better than all his parishioners. He reaches boiling point when madness and rage take over his mind and he breaks into La Celeste Praline the morning before Mass and gobbles down chocolate after over a month of fasting. His reputation is tarnished and respect vanished. He runs away and is never heard of again. Josephine Muscat first appears as a nervous introvert. She is quiet and slumps when she walks. She is gossiped about and pitied throughout Lansquenet, as the fact that her husband physically abuses her is one of the worst kept secrets around. She does not mutter a word about it and her thoughts are so cloudy that even Vianne, with all her power, fails to understand what lies in her head. With time, Josephine begins to talk to Vianne more and begins to spend more time in the chocolate shop. Vianne’s influence and advice eventually result in Josephine leaving her husband Paul and moving in with Vianne in the chocolate’s shop spare room. The more time she spends with Vianne, the more Josephine’s personality blossoms. She now walks with her head held high and has substituted her dark wardrobe for a new, more colorful one. She speaks with an audible, confident voice and can now look people in the eyes. A spark is felt between her and Roux as they indulge in conversation and become closer when she moves to the chocolate shop and he settles in Lansquenet. She even faces Paul one last time on her own. She is transformed from the average, abused housewife to the confident, independent female as the novel develops. Joanne Harris is a very descriptive writer, which you find quite early on in the book. Although she does use quite descriptive writing she does it very well and it transcends into beautiful pieces of writing that are hard to follow â€Å" We came on the wind of the carnival. A warm wind for February, laden with the hot greasy scents of frying pancakes and sausages and powdery-sweet waffles cooked on the to plate right there by the roadside with the confetti sleeting down collars and cuffs and rolling in the gutters like an idiot antidote to winter. Something really interesting about the author is that she mixes French with English. So while most of the book is English, songs, signs or names are still very much French. She also uses her chapters as a way to create a timeline for the book. At the begging of each chapter we receive a date allowing us to process where we are in the year. Joanne Harris is a popular British writer, who has written a total of fourteen books many of which w ere bestsellers. Joanne’s book Chocolat has been adapted into the Oscar nominated movie staring Johnny Depp and Juliette Binoche. She lives with her Husband and daughter in Yorkshire and her hobbies include â€Å" Mooching, lounging, strutting, strumming, priest-baiting and quite subversion. † She can speak both French and English and she was strongly influenced by Grimm’s’ Fairy Tales and the tales of Charles Perrault, as well as local folklore and Norse mythology. The cover for Chocolat I think it is very appropriate and gives you a successful looking into the plot before you even look into the book with the bright colours of Vianne’s clothes to the chocolate Easter eggs. By the time you finish the book you complete understand the symbolism of a woman sitting and holding a nest full of Easter Eggs. I think that this book would be suited to mostly older men and woman but it can defiantly appeal to young adults as well. Personally I think it would get to heavy for younger readers and not all would understand the issues brought up in the book. The book has been made into a movie starring Johnny Depp and Juliette Binoche, standing on its own the movie is absolutely fantastic a wonderful love story. Yet when compared along side the book it fails completely. Not only is the book completely different to the movie with a change of couples and villains but also with the plot line it just lacks the darkness found in the book. There is something captivating about the transition from Vianne’s thoughts to Father Reynaud’s and the slow build up of the plot through it. Also I hate the disregarded for the lesser characters in the movie half of the people in the book aren’t even mentioned in the movie! And although many of them don’t have huge significant roles they still help shape the story.

To What Extent is it Reasonable to blame Germany for the out essays

To What Extent is it Reasonable to blame Germany for the out essays Germanys invasion of France via Belgium was the initial act of war that brought about the commencement of war. However, is it fair to say that it was Germany and Germany alone who acted to bring about this first step? I would argue that a series of events led to the German invasion of Belgium, but to what extent could Germany be blamed for this series of events? Germany was a new power in Europe; the unification of Germany under Prussian leadership in January 1871 was the result of the brilliant diplomacy of Otto von Bismarck who by skilful use of war, and his excellent methods of convincing others of his good intentions created the new empire. However, the emergence of the German empire had upset the balance of Central Europe maintained for centuries by the Holy Roman Empire and temporarily sustained by the German Confederation. Many people believe that the invoking of hatred within France by the creation of this new empire and the mistrust of the other surrounding empires over Prussian expansionist tendencies led inevitably to a European war. The fact that war was averted for nearly forty years was due to Bismarcks brilliant diplomacy. He managed to convince the other European powers that Prussias only ambition was to consolidate its gains and not to expand further. He also made a series of complex treaties with Russia, A ustria and Italy. The basic outcome of this web of agreements was that Germany had a neutrality pact with Russia in the event of an Austro-Russian war, whilst promising support to Austria and Italy in the event of a war with another country. These treaties succeeded in isolating France a kept the peace for a considerable time, in this way what Bismarck achieved was momentous. Whether, had Bismarck continued as German Chancellor after 1890 on the accession of Wilhelm II, war may have been averted we will never know. It is unlikely that Bismarcks delay could...

Federalist Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Federalist Paper - Essay Example Indeed, people have the power to influence future course of actions and contribute to the formation of new political equation. The social change is critical paradigm that accelerates political transformation, introducing new mechanisms of establishing more effective democratic values and processes. People become the agent of changes and their empowered decisions pave way to radical equations of socio-economic and political compulsions. Jay fears that the confederacies of the Union would not be able to restrain invasions from the outside but federal structure, thus envisaged, would be more effective because of its dual nature. The confederacies would be able to focus on development of their people and region while the wider policies of defense etc. would be the responsibility of the federal Union of America. People would be able to enjoy the fundamental rights and would help create new channels of development and establish government that is committed to the welfare of the

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For Cullen and Gilbert 'rehabilitation should be the major goal of any correctional system'. Critically discuss this proposition - Essay Example In addition, the strengths and weaknesses are also imparted to be able to portray the potential gain of the whole system and even the limitations. The main view of Cullen and Gilbert can be considered as positive theories to answer the problems of criminology. Rehabilitation is the main objective that can be projected in relation to the effect of application in the behaviour of the detainees. The positive view of the theory can be considered as a priority in contrary to that of the old theories of justice that involve deterrence and retribution. Through the course of modern justice system, it can be considered that the role of rehabilitation on the reform of the offenders had taken the main road and had produced influence. The said influence had developed on the turn of the 1900s wherein the development and changing of the characteristics and the attitudes of the criminals and offenders had been projected as the main solution for the decrease of the number of crimes (Cullen and Gendreau, 2000). Through the 70’s toward the end of the century, the effectiveness and the feasibility of the rehabilitation approach in the correctional systems had been criticized and questioned. Basically as the rehabilitation theory affirms that the crimes had been committed by the offenders on the basis of the problems in behaviour and inadequate decision making, critics believe that the process cannot help the society lessen criminals but there are dangers that rehabilitation cannot fully discipline the offenders. This can then pose danger to the welfare of the people (Wilson, 2005). In the presentation of the view of Cullen and Gilbert on the proper approach for correctional system, it is important to be able to present the different pros and cons. For that matter the criticisms of the rehabilitation theory is needed to be studied and scrutinized. The main scenario in the study undertaken by Cullen and Gilbert relates to the world in the

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NSPCC is a charity organization aimed to protect children from abuse and family violence - Essay Example A charity like NSPCC operates in a complex environment influenced by political and social difficulties, family relations and laws. The vulnerability of the charity like NSPCC is determined by its degree of dependency on a resource and the external sources of this resource (i.e., the greater the dependency, the higher the potential for loss of autonomy). NSPCC depends upon resources and philanthropy (NSPCC Home Page 2008). 7 Ps model can be applied to NSPCC and its activities. The main Ps are product, price, promotion and place. Strong position of a charity organization is based on brand loyalty and high quality of service range. The likely decision process of the target market is the quality and unique taste that appeals to the consumers' minds with offerings. Product positioning is characterized by establishing trustworthiness, confidence, and competence for customers. NSPCC establishes trustworthiness and unique image as a children's rights organization (McDonald and Christopher 23). This strategy is supported by the "buying process" and the pricing, and as the most important high quality of all services. Pricing decisions influence the organization forcing it to find new ways to reduce costs. NSPCC can use flexible cost-plus pricing to ensure that its services are competitive in the context of the particular market environment. NSPCC has to spend its own resources in order to meet the requirements focusing on technological efforts, security and support. NSPCC opens new officers and involves different social institutions in order to meet needs and demands of the target audience. As a typical marketing company, NSPCC promotes its activities and policies including public relations and advertising campaigns. Modern marketing is customer-oriented, so a charity organization like NSPCC depends upon physical layout, customer service and processes concerning customer service. Unique services help NSPCC to sustain its market position and develop strategies according to current needs and demands of the target audience. Given the increasing turbulence and complexity of the market place, and the rapid pace and impact of technological change, the need for a disciplined, systematic approach to the market has never been greater. Customer service and processes involve call centers and support, people's centers and live chats, etc. Physical layout involves attention to learning environments a nd attractive layout of agencies, etc. in sum, these features show that NSPCC follows marketing principle of a traditional business applying them to unique environment and purposes (McDonald and Christopher 29). The location of the customer is not strictly physical, though. In many if not most instances of service-giving, location is preponderantly psychological. Even physical location is likely to be chosen for its psychological "image" association or its easy exploitation of well-established customer habit. Successful service is always as much an entertainment

A Meditation on Yellow Summary Essay Example for Free

A Meditation on Yellow Summary Essay 1. Created by: Patricia L. PittSan Fernando East Secondary School, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies   2. Travellers’ Tales   3. Meditation on YellowJennifer Rahim, lecturer in English in theDepartment of Liberal Arts at the University of theWest Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad has describedthis poem as â€Å"a clever, satirical monologue thattraces the evolution of the capitalist ethos in theregion.†She notes that â€Å"Senior evokes the color yellow assymbol of a historical continuum of plunder,enslavement, and servitude that marks theCaribbean’s relations with the developed world,beginning with the conquistadors’ misguided searchfor gold, then the sugar of the colonial plantationeconomy, and finally the trade in sunshine and sandof the contemporary tourist industry. † 4. Meditation on Yellow-Part 1Gabriel Garcia Marquez wrote a novel entitledOne Hundred Years of Solitude. He has statedthat his favourite shade is:â€Å"The yellow of the Caribbean seen fromJamaica at three in the afternoon†¦Ã¢â‚¬ A dominant theme in his One Hundred Yearsof Solitude is the inevitable and inescapablerepetition of history. The protagonists arecontrolled by their pasts and the complexity oftime.Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez also used colours as symbolsin this book. Yellow and gold were the mostfrequently used colours and they weresymbols of imperialism and the SpanishSiglo de Oro. Gold signified a search foreconomic wealth, whereas yellow representeddeath, change, and destruction. 5. Meditation on Yellow-Part 1El Dorado is Spanish for thegolden/gilded one). Legend has itthat it was the name of a Muiscatribal chief who covered himselfwith gold dust and, as an initiationrite, dived into a sacred highlandlake. Later it became the name of alegendary Lost City of Gold thathas fascinated – and so far eluded –explorers since the days of theSpanish Conquistadors. Thoughmany have searched for years onend to find this city of gold, noevidence of such a place has beenfound.El Dorado came to be usedmetaphorically of any place wherewealth could be rapidly acquired. 6. Persona-An Arawak of Jamaicaâ€Å"Had I known I would havebrewed you up some yellow fever-grassand arsenicbut we were peaceful thenchild-like in the yellow dawn of our innocence†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Lemon/Fever Grass Fever grass tea Yellow sulphide of arsenic 7. â€Å"a string of islands and two continents†for â€Å"a string of beads and some hawk’s bells†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Usually the word string would be followed by pearls, something of value. In this case however, the Indians received worthless  glass beads and hawk’s bells. 8. â€Å"(you were not the last to be fooled by our patina)†In the Taino culture of the Antilles, aguanà ­n was a badge of triballeadership, worn by the Cacique(chief).It was a mixture of Gold and Bronze,made from flakes of gold extractedfrom rivers; these flakes werepounded with rocks until theymelted together into a small discwhich the Cacique could weararound his neck or some other partof the body.It attracted early European visitors. 9. â€Å"As for silver/I find that metal a bit cold† To bite the bullet is to endure a painful or otherwise unpleasant situation that is seen as unavoidable. 10. Meditation on Yellow-Part 2 Persona –Hotel/Hospitality Worker â€Å"served by me skin burnt black as toast (for which management apologizes)†Ã¢â‚¬Å"At some hotel overlookingthe sea†¦Ã¢â‚¬  11. â€Å"I’ve been slaving†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 12. â€Å"I’ve been slaving†¦ for your†   13. â€Å"Just when I thought I could rest†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Tourism-the new form of colonization and exploitation†¦ 14. â€Å"So I serving them†¦Ã¢â‚¬    15. â€Å"But still they want more†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Sex tourismâ€Å"want it strongwant it longwant it blackwant it greenwant it dread† 16. â€Å"You cannot stop those Streggehs†-loud, promiscuous women in Jamaica Cassia Allamanda Poui Golden Shower 17. â€Å"You cannot reverse Bob Marley wailing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚  18. Bibliography for Med on Yellow

Ethical Issues In Photojournalism Media Essay

Ethical Issues In Photojournalism Media Essay Photojournalism is an easily neglected aspect of journalism. It is a particular form of journalism, which includes the gathering, editing, and presenting of news material for publication, in order to tell a news story. We have to ask ourselves, what does a news photograph indicate to its audience and how is it interpreted by the news audience? It was once stated by Hall (1981) that photographs are often seen as literal visual-transcriptions of the real world. Although, it can be argued that photographs can reveal the journalists bias and are sometimes not always seen to be ideologically neutral. However, this does not mean that photographs, are additionally mediated compared to other components of news discourse. News photography can raise certain ethical issues, such as taste and decency, intrusion, etc. According to Bersak (2006) With great power comes great responsibility. Responsible photo journalism means adherence to a standard of ethics. Additionaly to this, photographs are said to have close links to claims of objectivity, which I will later go onto examine in more detail. I am going to study how World Press journalists, best strike a balance between good taste and the need to convey the realities of violent conflict and the ethical issues within this. I have taken the photographs from the first, second and third place of World Press Photo gallery for the year 2010, in the category of general news. I thought that taking the photographs from this website was appropriate as they focus on delivering a narrative to the viewer. The company is also worldwide and captures pictures from all over the world, which I think is interesting as this broadens the possibility of narrative. I focused on the year 2010, as this obviously contains the most up to date photographs of violent conflict. The first photograph I have chosen to look at was awarded 1st prize singles award by Kent Klich, Sweden. The photo is taken from the Gaza photo album and shows light entering a hole in the roof of a room. The blurb next to the photo explains that the hole was caused by a tank shell in Tuffah, northern Gaza. The family that lived in the house fled during operation Cast Lead, the Israeli attack on Gaza that began at the end of December 2008. Mohammed Shuhada Ali Ahmed, 39, had gone back to fetch clothes for his children and was killed when the shell struck. The second photograph I have chosen was awarded 2nd prize singles award and was by Carlos Villalon, Chile, Redux pictures. The photo features a youth lying dead in a pool of his own blood. The blurb next to the photo explains how it was taken in Madellin, Colombia on 27th September 2009. President Alvaro Uribe has moved successfully against drug cartels in recent years, but as international traffickers left Medellin, their place has been taken by gangs fighting for control of the local drug trade. Violent deaths in the city doubled in 2009, often related to clashes between drug gangs, but sometimes involving innocent bystanders. The third photograph I have chosen was awarded 3rd prize singles award by Rino Castelnuovo, Israel, for the New York Times. The photo features a Jewish man throwing wine at a Palestinian woman. The blurb next to the photo explains how the attack was before a Purim parade in the West bank city of Hebron on 10th March 2009. Purim is an annual Jewish festival with celebrations that include feasting and drinking. Hebron is divided into two zones. In one, under Israeli security control, several hundred Jewish residents live among tens of thousands of Palestinians. Tension between the communities is expressed in acts of harassment and provocation from both sides. All three of the photographs briefly discussed above have been published whether it in a book or a newspaper, for the public eye to consume. The pictures convey an urgent global issue such as violent conflict, which is a true reflection of the world we live in today for some. It would be safe to suggest that the photos discussed, use modern photography, in a very powerful way to portray three different narratives. All of these photographs are used by their publications as a shock tactic, to make the public aware of the realities of violent conflict, whether the photos hold good taste or bad. A main concern is, although, the photographs are the realities of violent conflict for some, the photographs do raise huge ethical issues.This is due to the dissemination of controversial images, and along with this comes many unanswered questions. According to Franklin (2005) When news reporting, it is a journalists professional obligation to be ethical. Meaning basically it is a journalists own commitment to be ethical. Most journalists in Britain today are ethical STUDY 88888 Journalists follow ethical guidelines due to a number of reasons such as to cover themselves ethically, in order to avoid being sued by an organisation or person/s, not to cause damage to their reputation as journalist etc. In Britain, journalists generally tend to follow the National Union of Journalists ethical guidelines, and the first point on it states A journalist has a duty to maintain the highest professional and ethical standards. According to Bersak (2006) The ethical framework a photograph holds has evolved over time, influenced by such things as community values and it is continually developing today. Although, we do have to take into account that not all countries follow this guideline and they can vary. An example of where the journalist may not have been ethical is in the second photograph, of the youth lying dead. Is this right or wrong to show this picture, just to try and accomplish a sensational news story, and thus boosting the circulation of sales of the publication? We have to take into consideration that this youth is a son to someone, how would they feel about this photo? The fact that is has been widely published by Redux pictures (an independent commercial and editorial photo agency, used by publications) would his family have wanted that? Would the youths family have allowed the photograph to be published, to convey to the world the realities of violent conflict? Can World Press Photo justify this journalist taking this photograph? Is it in the public interest to show this photo, or could it be subjected to invasion of privacy? According to Franklin (2005) public interest is the need for information to be published to benefit society. The youth is dead, should he not be allowed privacy at this time and die without being photographed, surely the need to convey the realities of violent conflict cannot be that great. Sometimes in photo journalism, ethical guidelines are broken to represent the true horror of a subject. However, the photograph could offend others and could be the subject of bad taste. It was said by Emery and Smythe (1995) Violence and tragedy are staples of journalism. If it bleeds, it leads, is a popular, unspoken sentiment in many newsrooms. The reason for this obvious incongruity is that a majority of viewers want to see violent pictures, but through gaps in the fingers in front of their face. In an overview of this, journalists should ensure that photographs that display gruesome images (like the photograph of the youth) are really vital, in order to inform the news reader. Journalists, frequently refer to the explanation for using such gruesome photographs as a way to inform the public of the risk, which in this case would be the realities of violent conflict. Personally, I think it is in the public interest to let the public know the realities of violent conflict, however, I do not think this photo is appropriate. If the parents gave Redux permission to go ahead and publish it, I think I would be more accepting of the photo. I think the fact, he is only a youth as well has a part to play, it highlights the fact that he was more vulnerable and thus, maybe why he was attacked. Whose interest is it in to see this poor youth dead and what benefit does this bring to the public, no ones. I think there are other photographs that could have been used to convey the realities of violent conflict, which could have the same affect on the news reader. I do not believe the journalist has tried his/her best to strike a balance between good taste and the need to convey the realities of violent conflict at all. Another interesting point to make is that, although, the photographs convey the realities of violent conflict for some, the photographs hold no objectivity. This is a recurring issue that is often questioned in todays society, should the journalist hold neutrality? Quill (1996) who supports this view states I believe that the journalist should have objectivity, when reporting, they should give all sides a fair hearing. An example, whereby the photograph holds no objectivity, is the third photograph of the Jewish man throwing wine over the Palestinian women, as this is not showing a neutral point of view at all, and in fact conveys that the Jews were the ones in the wrong, the aggressors in this violent conflict, which may/may not have been the case. According to Emery and Smythe (1995) Media critics and viewers question the use of gruesome images and visual messages that perpetuate negative stereotypes of individuals from various multicultural groups. Although, Vistens (1992) argues with this and states journalists do not take sides just pictures, supporting the view that the picture does not need objectivity as it shows the true realities of violent conflict. Reporting the realities of violent conflict encapsulates many journalistic dilemmas. For me this is the most shocking photo, I think it may be because I have never seen a photograph like this before where the man is abusing a woman by throwing wine over her. I do not know whether, it has more of an affect, as it is a man throwing it over a woman. I feel a lot of the time, I am desensitised to photographs of dead people, through seeing them so often in news coverage and this is maybe why I found this image more shocking. It was quoted by Lester (1999) The media have been criticized for showing so many gruesome images that the public has hardened toward violent injustices. The concept of journalistic objectivity is problematic, and has been described as one of journalisms thorniest dilemmas, from both a conceptual and practical point of view. It nevertheless remains at the forefront of societal debate about journalisms role and in journalists own legitimisation of their profession (taken from handout). Although a post modern approach to objectivity supports the view that it is impossible and/ or irrelevant in this day and age, to show objectivity when news reporting, whether it be in photography or writing. I think it is safe to say that the journalist, who took this picture, does give a best strike a balance between good taste and the need to convey the realities of violent conflict. As although, the picture is offensive to some, I do not think it can be subjected to bad taste. The picture does not make the audience look away in horror, as the picture does of the bloody youth. It shows the approach of some Jews, towards the Palestinians. It provokes the emotions of anger and sadness in the news reader and conveys the realities of violent conflict in a powerful way without being distasteful. We have to consider that, the majority of texts concerning ethics in photo journalism concentrate on the subject matter of what could be coined as the photographic reality. In other words, whether a certain picture accurately conveys the topic or whether it misleads the news reader viewer. A journalist is said to give a faithful and comprehensive depiction of the subject at hand in his/her work according to The National Press Photographers Association (NPPA Code of Ethics). However, we have to think about what happens when the journalist is not faithful and comprehensive as it were. The matter of the fact is a journalist can set up a staged news photo and s/he could change it in the darkroom if s/he sought to, in order to enhance the photos impact. New technological equipment is so advanced in society today, that it easily allows journalists to manipulate photographs (for this instance) to convey the realities of violent conflict, which would not be ethically correct. To illustrate this point, if we take photograph one, the picture features a hole in the middle of an empty room of someones house, with a massive hole in the roof. I would like to think this photo had not been altered. Although, it could be possible that the journalist took the photo of the room, without a hole present and added it later on for affect, and the news reader would be none the wiser. Lester (1999) agrees with this viewpoint and states A camera is only as truthful as the hands that guide it. The risk to manipulating photographs, is the public starts to doubt the truthfulness of the news photographs in general, and therefore this could cause the publics view of the journalist profession to suffer, as it has done before in the past. I do not think that the photograph has been manipulated to convey the realities of violent war and conflict. Nor do I think the photograph is distasteful, when viewing the photograph at first, it was actually quite unclear to what the photograph was meant to be conveying. I think that the photograph definitely has a shock tactic, as it shows a hole was caused by a Tank shell, which is incongruous to most of us, as news readers. I think the photograph conveys the realities of war and conflict, with striking a balance between good taste. Although, the photograph is shocking and could offend some, it like photograph three, does not make you look away in horror. This photo, especially does not make me question the ethics of whether the photo should have been published or not, maybe this is because no person is actually featured in the photograph. It was said by Bersak (2006) Each publication has a set of rules, sometimes written, sometimes unwritten, that governs what that publication co nsiders to be a truthful and faithful representation of images to the public. It can be argued, that the difference among ethics and taste is continually up for discussion, particularly, with regards to violence. It was once mentioned to me that, if you would not show the photo to a child then its suitability, taste and decency was too bad and the photo should not get published. There are many models that a journalist can follow, in order to decide whether their story should be published or not, such as Wards (2009) model, who believes there is four stages a journalist can follow for ethical reasoning. STUDY 8888888888 Despite the fact, that a number of us view violence as a matter of taste, others embrace this as ethics. Furthermore, photo journalism ethics may include the decision a journalist photographer makes. For instance, if we take photograph two of the youth lying there, should the journalist have put down his camera, in order to help the bloody youth, is this not intrusion on the youths life, is there really a need to convey the realities of violent conflict that badly? Secondly if a person requests the journalist not to take his/her photo or not to publish the photo, is it ethically correct to go ahead and take/publish the photograph regardless of what the person requested? For example, if we take photograph three of the Jewish man throwing wine over the lady, yes this is a perfect picture of conveying the realities of violence and conflict, that holds a balance between good taste and the need to show the effects, but is it fair to publish the photo say for instance if the Palestinian woman asked for it not to be? Again the journalist is being very intrusive to the Palestinian woman. All of these factors come very close between journalistic photography ethics and a photo journalists professionalism. I would hope that World Press photo has an ethical policy that, journalists have to adhere to.